How do fluoroquinolones affect bacterial cells?

Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibiotics that primarily exert their antibacterial effects by inhibiting DNA synthesis. They target and inhibit essential bacterial enzymes known as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are crucial for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. When these enzymes are inhibited, it prevents the proper unwinding and re-coiling of DNA, which is necessary for replication and transcription processes. As a result, the bacteria can no longer replicate or carry out vital functions, leading to bacterial death.

The mechanism of action employed by fluoroquinolones is specific to the bacterial cell, impacting their ability to divide and survive, while not significantly affecting human cells. This selectivity contributes to their effectiveness as antibiotics. In essence, the inhibition of DNA synthesis effectively halts the growth of bacteria, making fluoroquinolones a powerful choice in the treatment of various bacterial infections.