Which antibiotic drug class is contraindicated during pregnancy?

Fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential risks to the developing fetus. This class of antibiotics is associated with a variety of adverse effects, including cartilage damage and potential effects on the developing musculoskeletal system. Animal studies have shown that fluoroquinolones can lead to joint and cartilage abnormalities, raising concerns about their safety in human pregnancies. Given these risks, healthcare providers typically avoid prescribing fluoroquinolones to pregnant individuals unless absolutely necessary and when no alternatives are suitable.

In contrast, the other options, such as penicillins, azithromycin, and cephalosporins, are generally considered safe or are used with caution during pregnancy. Penicillins and cephalosporins are often preferred due to their favorable safety profiles, while azithromycin is also used in certain cases when a bacterial infection necessitates treatment.